Vegetarian

Dairy-Free

Milk Allergy

Kosher (Kashrut)

Slow Carb

Rice

Water

Energy

Energy (by joule)

Protein

Total lipid (fat)

Carbohydrate, by difference

Calcium, Ca

Iron, Fe

Magnesium, Mg

Phosphorus, P

Potassium, K

Sodium, Na

Zinc, Zn

Copper, Cu

Manganese, Mn

Thiamin

Riboflavin

Niacin

Pantothenic acid

Vitamin B-6

Folate, total

Folate, food

Folate, DFE

Fatty acids, total saturated

SFA 14:0

SFA 16:0

SFA 18:0

Fatty acids, total monounsaturated

MUFA 16:1

MUFA 18:1

Fatty acids, total polyunsaturated

PUFA 18:2

PUFA 18:3

Tryptophan

Threonine

Isoleucine

Leucine

Lysine

Methionine

Cystine

Phenylalanine

Tyrosine

Valine

Arginine

Histidine

Alanine

Aspartic acid

Glutamic acid

Glycine

Proline

Serine

Arsenic (As) elevation in paddy soils will have a negative impact on both the yield and grain quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The mechanistic understanding of As uptake, translocation, and grain filling is an important aspect to produce rice grains with low As concentrations through agronomical, physico-chemical, and breeding approaches. A range of factors (i.e. physico-chemical, biological, and environmental) govern the speciation and mobility of As in paddy soil-water systems. Major As uptake transporters in rice roots, such as phosphate and aquaglyceroporins, assimilate both inorganic (As(III) and As(V)) and organic As (DMA(V) and MMA(V)) species from the rice rhizosphere. A number of metabolic pathways (i.e. As (V) reduction, As(III) efflux, and As(III)-thiol complexation and subsequent sequestration) are likely to play a key role in determining the translocation and substantial accumulation of As species in rice tissues. The order of translocation efficiency (caryopsis-to-root) for different As species in rice plants is comprehensively evaluated as follows: DMA(V) > MMA(V) > inorganic As species. The loading patterns of both inorganic and organic As species into the rice grains are largely dependent on the genetic makeup and maturity stage of the rice plants together with environmental interactions. The knowledge of As metabolism in rice plants and how it is affected by plant genetics and environmental factors would pave the way to develop adaptive strategies to minimize the accumulation of As in rice grains.

Arsenic accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is influenced by environment and genetic factors.

Plant pathogens represent a huge threat to world food security, affecting both crop production and quality. Although significant progress has been made in improving plant immunity by expressing key, defense-related genes and proteins from different species in transgenic crops, a challenge remains for molecular breeders and biotechnologists to successfully engineer elite, transgenic crop varieties with improved resistance against critical plant pathogens. Upon pathogen attack, including infection of rice (Oryza sativa) by Magnaporthe oryzae, host plants initiate a complex defense response at molecular, biochemical and physiological levels. Plants perceive the presence of pathogens by detecting microbe-associated molecular patterns via pattern recognition receptors, and initiate a first line of innate immunity, the so-called pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). This results in a series of downstream defense responses, including the production of hormones, which collectively function to fend off pathogen attacks. A variety of studies have demonstrated that many genes are involved in the defense response of rice to M. oryzae. In this review, the current understanding of mechanisms that improve rice defense response to M. oryzae will be discussed, with special focus on PTI and the phytohormones ethylene, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid; as well as on the mediation of defense signaling mechanisms by PTI and these hormones. Potential target genes that may serve as promising candidates for improving rice immunity against M. oryzae will also be discussed.

Current understanding of pattern-triggered immunity and hormone-mediated defense in rice (Oryza sativa) in response to Magnaporthe oryzae infection.

Rice is generally sensitive to chilling stress, which seriously affects growth and yield. Since early in the last century, considerable efforts have been made to understand the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the response to chilling stress and improve rice chilling tolerance. Here, we review the research trends and advances in this field. The phenotypic and biochemical changes caused by cold stress and the physiological explanations are briefly summarized. Using published data from the past 20 years, we reviewed the past progress and important techniques in the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL), novel genes, and cellular pathways involved in rice chilling tolerance. The advent of novel technologies has significantly advanced studies of cold tolerance, and the characterization of QTLs, key genes, and molecular modules have sped up molecular design breeding for cold tolerance in rice varieties. In addition to gene function studies based on overexpression or artificially generated mutants, elucidating natural allelic variation in specific backgrounds is emerging as a novel approach for the study of cold tolerance in rice, and the superior alleles identified using this approach can directly facilitate breeding.

Chilling tolerance in rice: Past and present.

Oryza sativa LIGULELESS 2s determine lamina joint positioning and differentiation by inhibiting auxin signaling.

Oryza sativa ssp. javanica rice varieties exhibit a wide variation in the phenotypes of several important agronomic traits, including grain quality, grain shape, plant architecture, disease resistance, and high adaption to an unfavorable environment, indicating a great potential for rice improvement. DNA molecular markers are basic and critical tools in genetic analysis and gene mining. However, only a few whole-genome variation analyses have been performed in Oryza sativa ssp. Javanica (tropical japonica rice), and this has hampered the utilization of such an important resource. In this study, the length of insertions/deletions variation greater larger than 10 bp from 10 Oryza sativa ssp. indica rice and 10 Oryza sativa ssp. tropical japonica rice were extracted by using the Nipponbare genome as a reference. A total of 118 primer pairs which were almost evenly distributed on each chromosome corresponding to the loci of InDels were designed by the Primer 5 program. We confirmed 85 InDel markers from 60 rice varieties, including indica and tropical japonica, by running polyacrylamide gels. The InDel markers function like SSRs in identifying hybrids, calculating genetic distance, constructing the genetic linkage map, and gene mining. The InDel markers developed in this study might help in genetic studies and to investigate the tropical japonica rice varieties.

Development of InDel markers for Oryza sativa ssp. javanica based on whole-genome resequencing.

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Rice

Highlights

Quantity

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